Technology and Innovation Explained

2023-05-07 OCR results nicely formatted.

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Technology and Innovation 2014-07-17 Yasukazu Nishio

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Chapter 11.

This presentation will introduce the contents of this document, present specific examples and related research, and conclude with a summary discussion.

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introduction

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consideration

Why ignore the human will?

What about the ends?

Order versus vitality" and methodological evolution.

Schematic of the evolution of technology

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Introduction 1

Three principles

p.257

1: All technology is a combination of elements

2: The element itself is technology

3: Technology exploits phenomena for some purpose.

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Questioning three principles

1: All technology is a combination of elements

2: The element itself is technology

Doesn't this definition imply that technology is an endless series of layers?

→Consideration 1: "What's going on at the ends?"

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Questioning three principles

3: Technology exploits phenomena for some purpose.

For example, what is the "position by zero"?

Not technology?

→Introduction 2 "Mechanisms of Technology Creation"

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Introduction 2

Mechanisms by which technology is created. p.258

Combination of needs and seeds (effects that satisfy needs)

Confronting Limitations / Creating New Problems

Needs are drawn from human desires rather than technology itself

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Role of the Economy

Inform your needs

Test for commercial availability

→Commercially available" means "profitable, with people willing to pay for it," i.e., "satisfying human needs at low cost."

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Economy is also technology

There are "arrangements" for business, means of production, institutions, organization, etc.

This creates an opportunity for the next generation to "make an arrangement"

Author: "So it's the same structure as technology!"

Nishio: "Are you ignoring "3: Technology is using the phenomenon for some purpose?

→ Consider the "Arrangement" 10

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Arrangement (1/3)

Example: Barter (fish and wild vegetables)

The value of an object is subjective and can be increased by exchange

→Value can be created even if nothing is produced.

→Value was created in exchange for inanimate objects.

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Arrangement (2/3)

By agreeing on symbols to represent words, information can now be conveyed without being in the same place at the same time.

Clay tablet and cuneiform

↑upThis value can be obtained by using it alone.

Standardization after the fact as good arrangements are disseminated

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Arrangement (3/3)

Arrangements" that do not take advantage of natural phenomena can also create value and meet human needs

If the economy is technology, then all arrangements of this kind are technology.

It does not have to be an arrangement with another person. Even one person can save that person cognitive costs.

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Introduction 3

p.260

Inability to design rules in advance, especially when the environment changes quickly

So make it so that it can be changed to interactive (interactive).

What does "design for adaptability to changing environments" mean? →Example 14

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Adaptation to changing environment

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Adaptation to changing environment

Example: Smartphone

Users can add applications according to their own needs, rather than designing and preparing the functions they want in advance.

From the smartphone perspective, "a mechanism that adapts after the fact to environments (user needs) that are difficult to know about in advance."

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Adaptation to changing environment

Example: Behavioral information collection + software updates

Excel, etc. We do not know in advance what kind of operations users will perform or where they will stumble. Therefore, we collect information on user operations. Based on this information, we make improvements and update the software.

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Adaptation to changing environment

Example: Web service load balancing (e.g. Amazon EC2)

Since they do not know in advance how much access they will receive, they cannot invest in appropriate equipment. Therefore, a mechanism was introduced to observe access and increase facilities after the fact.

Unpredictability, speed of decision making is important → Automation

Automation has eliminated human judgment intervention!

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Becoming an Organism p. 261-262

Isn't this what we call "learning"?

Hasn't technology acquired intelligence?

Could technology become biology?

Nishio: "The gap from 'acquisition of intelligence' to 'biology'..." and not 'biology'?"

→Discuss organisms in detail in Discussion 2.

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Introduction 4

Sources of Competitive Advantage

p.265

Not "the ability to store resources, combine them, and produce output."

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Sources of Competitive Advantage

Competitive advantage at the time of the Industrial Revolution

We have a lot of resources.

Has processing facilities

Competitive advantage in [knowledge-based economy

I have a lot of knowledge.

We have the ability to combine them.

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The ability to combine knowledge" is often thought of as an individual ability, but it is also important to strengthen organizational capacity.

Human capacity is enhanced by language, artifacts, and methodology

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Introduction 5

How to deal with technology

p.269

It is important to distinguish between technology that enslaves nature and technology that is an extension of nature.

(Nishio) I don't think it's very important.

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Consideration 1

What about the human will?

Why do the authors ignore the "human will"?

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1970s

From that individual perspective, it is not rational, but from the genetic perspective, some altruistic behavior is rational.

Disadvantageous to that individual but advantageous to another individual with the same genes.

The subject is not the individual, but the gene

→The individual is merely a genetic "vehicle."

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Information is replicated by the human brain.

Some are more efficient at replication than others, the good ones spread and the bad ones are weeded out.

In other words, information is like genes, and like genes, it evolves through natural selection.

→The human brain is merely a "vehicle" for memes.

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K. Kelly 2011

The subject is Technology

Technium = a collection of technologies

Comparing the Evolution of Life with the Evolution of Technium

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Structural necessity and historical contingency are common among the forces at work in evolution

The third force at work in the evolution of life is blind natural selection

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Q: Why do the authors ignore the "human will"?

K. Kelly argues that "human will causes technology to evolve faster than genetic evolution." The distinction between this?

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Consideration 2

What about the ends?

If we define "X is all combinations of elements + element X", X would be an infinite hierarchy. What about the ends?

First technology, first life, first economy

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First technology

Woodpecker finches using branches to catch insects

Bearded vulture dropping bones and turtles on stones to break them and eat them.

Using the phenomenon to satisfy the need of appetite

Not a combination.

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first life

Repeated discharges into the primordial atmosphere happen to produce organic compounds such as amino acids

Peptides formed by the polymerization of amino acids created in the above experiment have catalytic activity → promote the reaction.

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first life

A spherical object whose shape is maintained by the hydrophobic interaction of water and oil. Alexandre Oparin claimed that it may be the origin of life.

(Cell membrane: lipid bilayer)

...In a random combination of these various factors, something with the ability to self-replicate may have proliferated by chance (Nishio).

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First Economy

Mycorrhizal fungi (and other symbiotic relationships) 400 million years ago

Absorb phosphate and nitrogen from the soil and supply them to the host plant, and obtain carbon compounds produced by the host plant through photosynthesis

For humans: barter

Offer fish and get wild plants instead

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by chance

If you happen to drop a turtle on a stone, it will crack.

I happen to be able to self-replicate.

Two parties who happen to benefit from the exchange met.

The first X is born by chance.

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Consideration 3

Darwinian evolution

The Darwinian principle of evolution is "random -> more successful by chance."

Random variation Gene Random combination Individual Natural selection Surviving individual

Random change Knowledge Random combination Application Success Survived Application

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Beyond Random

Mechanisms of technological evolution differ from Darwin's theory of evolution (p. 258)

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Beyond Random

Human capacity is enhanced by language, artifacts, and methodology

Artifacts → tools, measuring instruments, processing equipment

Language → Nomenclature Arrangements for concepts/phenomena e.g.: "power

Methodology → Scientific Methodology and Experimental Techniques

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Consideration 4

[The rule of clarity: Only what is clearly recognized as truth should be the criterion of judgment.

[From the concrete to the abstract: The recognition of the simple to the complex in turn.

Early works on [scientific methodology

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Descartes

Of course, experimental and observational data are also unreliable.

Using that reason, I questioned everything, and the only thing that remained was "my existence.

→ Believed in God and doubted the correctness of science

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historical background

Published with his death in 1543

1637 Descartes, "Introduction to Method."

A time when Christianity was stronger than science41

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How the world came to be

← oversimplification

Greece: "The world is born and grows" philosophy

→Reality was "made" in its image.

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p.267

tracing the battle against Christian values in the history of philosophy.

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Consideration 5

Evolution of Technology

Why go beyond Darwinian evolution?

→What is the methodology derived from?

→How is the direction of selection determined?

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What is it made of?

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Methodology is also hierarchical.

Methodology is a value-generating decision to "create good applications.

→ Technology as well as the economy

Edges are "random".

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What decides?

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Role of the Economy

Test for commercial availability

(Kelly) Collective free will of society

Acceleration by Market

Unexpected success: meeting a different need than intended

Improvement bias of widely used

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summary

Arrangements = concepts as well as objects create value

Methodology allows for more efficient search for "combinations" than Darwinian evolution

Methodology is also a hierarchical technology

Market bias toward greater openness

→ Openness makes the combination of elements more complex

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bonus

programming

Function Definition: Gives a name to a complex series of processes so that they can be performed under that name in the future.

= "Designed like words in a language" (Chapter 4)

= "Arrangements" that reduce cognitive costs.

= hierarchical components (functions can be used as components to create other functions)

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History of Programming Languages

Before birth: A computer that can change its calculations by wiring it with wires.

Wiring is troublesome → Computers that can change the calculation by writing data

Data is difficult to understand in 01001010 -> Program to convert human-understandable alphabet to 01001010

It is "up to you" what notation to use.

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History of Programming Languages

Writing similar processes over and over is tedious.

→Decisions for reusing program fragments

I have trouble keeping up with the rules.

→ Add instructions for program reuse to the computer (ret)

Cumbersome to remember the numerical location of programs to be reused

→Notation for naming and calling program fragments, a decision to be made.

→Birth of the concept of "function

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